☑ Capacitor Ground Side

The amplifier should pick. If it is a bypass cap from a signal to b connect the outside foil to b.

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Connect a capacitor across ac one side ground.

Capacitor ground side. Side was 20v and the other was 330v you connect the bar side to the 20v. Very wide visible black stripe running along one side of the capacitor which will indicate the positive lead or will have a symbol an arrow pointing towards the negative lead. The outside foil will act as a shield against electric field coupling into the capacitor so you want it to have the lowest impedance return path to ground.

As someone has already mentioned bipolar electros can be placed either way around but make sure that they are bipolar caps. You can determine an electrolytic capacitor polarity by measuring its voltage drop and capacitance in an electric circuit. The voltages commonly used nowadays are nowhere near what vacuum tube circuits use so which terminal has the bar is.

Wrap a wire around the outside of the cap and connect the wire to an oscilloscope. Use safety precautions when working with capacitors. A high frequency signal will see the capacitor connected to ground and travel through it since it is a low impedance path but a low frequency signal will not be affected by it.

Indicating the side to go to ground outer foil i believe. If it is a bypass cap to ground connect the outside foil to the grounded side. When there is the least ripple outside foil is grounded.

Ceramic capacitors have no polarity. The capacitors to ground form a low pass filter for the lines theyre connected to as they remove high frequency signals from the line by giving those signals a low. The reason the other side is connected to ground is because in order to convert the voltagecurrent into the electric field you have to remove positive charge from the negative side of the capacitors as youre adding positive charge to to the positive side of the cap.

Bring ac close to the cap. This was done to reduce the chance that the outside foil would arc through the outside insulation of the capacitor to the chassis on which it was sitting. The black marks on some of them may indicate that that lead is connected to the outside foil of the spiral wrapped foil conductor insulator foil conductor sandwich in which case it would be wise to put that lead at closest to ground potential.

Could use a radio. The caps i replace always have a stripeetc. Connect a cap between amplifier input and ground.

Make sure you pay close attention to the capacitor positive side and negative side such that you dont damage it or the rest of the circuit. Ive read a few articles indicating that the device will operate better by installing them wthe outer foil to ground.